The Effects of Overpopulation on the Environment Essay

The Effects of Overpopulation on the Environment The world population reached 6 billion, on October 12, 1999. It will reach 9.3 billion by 2050. The impacts of continued population growth are already felt by a majority of nations. Overpopulation is the root cause of most environmental problems. The demands of increasing population magnify demands for natural resources, clean air and water, as well as access to wilderness areas. This means an increase in the demand for living space. The quality of life for future generations depends on stabilising both domestic and world population. The dramatic rise, in population has transpired for several reasons; 1) Decreasing death rates in poorer†¦show more content†¦5) Only Western forms of birth control techniques and educational programs will slow birth rates. In all under-developed countries, providing basic is education is difficult. The increase in population is not the only pressure on the enviroment. Increasing living standards amongst, developed countries, demands more from the enviroment. These two factors mean that; 1) Raw materials (including non-renewable energy resources) are rapidly being used up. 2) More and more waste is being produced. 3) Unless waste is properly handled more pollution will be caused. When the Earths population was smaller, the effects of human activity were usually small and local. More people means less land for plants and animals. There are for main ways that humans reduce the amount of land avaialble for other animals and plants; 1) Building 2) Agriculture 3) Dumping waste 4) Quarrying More people means more enviromental dammage. Human activity can pollute all three parts of the enviroment: 1) Water-with sewage, fertilliser and toxic chemicals. The use of fertilliser leads to eutrophication. 2) Air- with smoke and gases such as sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides 3) Land-with toxic chemicals, such as pesticides and herbicides. 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Juuvenile Justice and Child Protection for Police Interrogation

Question: Discuss about theJuuvenile Justice and Child Protection for Police Interrogation. Answer: Role of responsible adult during police interrogation: The term responsible adult denotes parents, stepparent, guardian or any person who has accrued the rights and responsibilities of the parent with an intention to guide the minor. Therefore, the term can be used in case of a person who can act as the guardian of any minor. The term can be used in case of criminal proceeding also. When the police officer has interrogated a minor, it is the duty of the responsible adult to be physically present during the interrogation period. The Evidence Act 1995 has regulated any criminal process (NSW). However, in case of interrogating a child is sensible and Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW) regulates the process (McFarlane, 2017). This legislation helps a child to get certain assistance from the police officer and from the legal practitioners. Responsible adults are playing important role in case where the police are interrogating a child. It is their duty to look over the matters whether the police officers are creating any pressure o n the child for making forceful confession or not. According to Ludbrook (2017), often the children are making untrue confession before the police. Further, it is their duty to observe whether the police officer has provided the option for right to silence to the minor or not. However, the Act has not given any clear definition regarding the role of the responsible parent in this case. According to section 13 of the Act, the statement made by a child before the police is not admissible except the same has been taken in the presence of the responsible adult. The court will not admit the statement of the minor made before the police if the police officer has made any coercion or undue influence (Bartels, Bolitho Richards, 2015). This principle has laid down under section 81C of Child Welfare Act 1939 and the ground of the same has been verified in the case of R v Warren (1982) 2 NSWLR 360. It has also been mentioned by the court to look over the matter that the confession regarding a ny offence made by the minor before the police officer could not be admitted if the same has been made on unreasonable ground. Therefore, it is the duty of the responsible adult to look into the matter whether the police officer is treating the child in wrong manner or not. The basic aim of Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW) that to protect the interest of child so that they can feel them secure during the process of interrogation. In R v Cotton (1990) 19 NSWLR 593, the court has interpreted section 13 of the Act as a process that secure the accused who is minor. Therefore, the responsible parent should have to represent him proactively. The position of the responsible parents is significant, as the police officers are not allowed to interrogate a minor in the absence of them. it has been particularly mentioned under section 13 of Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW) that all the interrogation process should be done in the presence of responsible parent and he ha s to look over the whole process of interrogation. Court will rely on the admissibility of the minor only when the same has been taken in the presence of the responsible parent. If the police officer has done any misconduct during the process, the responsible parent is required to stop the officer from being rude (Ainsworth Hansen, 2017). Concept of due process: Fair treatment is necessary for maintain fairness in the judicial system and the process of fair treatment is known as the due process. There are two types of due process such as procedural due process and substantive due process. When a legal proceeding has been carry out on regular basis and without any intervention, the same is treated as procedural due process. When a law has been enacted with fair process and the individuals are getting equal opportunities from the same, the process is known as substantive due process (Kenny, 2016). In this case, it has been observed that Millie, the police have arrested an aboriginal girl and the person is appointed as the responsible parent on her behalf. According to section 13 of the Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW), no police personnel is allowed to interrogate a minor in the absence of his or her responsible parent. The main aim of this Act regarding the same is that the minors are often feeling them insecure in the interrogat ion room or before the police. This Act secures the rights and interest of the minor to this effect. Further, a clear interpretation of section 13 of the Act reveals that the role of the responsible parent is significant in nature. The interrogation process will be treated to be maintained due process if police have fulfilled the entire obligation regarding the section. It has been mentioned that the court, before admit the statement made by the minor before the police, will consider certain grounds, which are as follows: It is to be consider whether the child get equal treatment from the police or not; It is to be consider whether the child get all required guidance or not; It is to be considered whether the child get all the options of various legal aid or not; It is to be considering whether the child has been interrogated in the presence of his responsible parents or not. The police personnel and the responsible parents are playing important role in this case. It is not clear that whether the responsible parent will remain silent in the interrogation room or he should perform his duties proactively. However, the court is depending on the statement of the responsible parent in case of determining the admissibility of the statement made by the minor. If a minor does not want to state anything before the police, the responsible parent should not force the minor and act on behalf of him. In this case, it has been observed that the police personnel have appointed the person as the responsible parent of Millie. When during the interrogation Millie did not confess regarding the crime, under which she was charged thereto, the police had not acted in reasonable way. He forced her to confess the facts of the case. the police has slapped on the table too. All these activities are revealing the fact that injustice had been done with Millie and it can be stated that the same has not been made in due process. Identification of the steps to ensure due process: Child or minors are treated as the vulnerable person and special opportunities have been provided to them. Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW) tends to protect the interest of the children during the interrogation process and certain acts and duties have been mentioned in this Act for all the persons dealt with the child or minor. The duties of the responsible parents regarding the interrogation of the child are vital and the court is admitted the statement made by the minor before the police (McGrath, 2016). It is to be mentioned that the responsible parents should have to maintain the fair deal at the time of interrogation process. However, the responsible parent should have to identify the steps to assure that the interrogation has been done with due process. In this case, the responsible parent should have to maintain all the grounds mentioned under the code and look over the matter whether the police has cooperate with the child and provides all the necessary opportuni ties to him. According to the rule, no police is allowed to talk with the minor roughly and the police should have to act in reasonable way with the minor. The police is obliged to provide all the necessary assistance to the minor and they should act with the minor in a discriminatory way. The international acts and treaties have provided certain rights to the minor and all those rights can be enjoyed irrespective of caste, creed or religion. These rights are the fundamental rights of the child. Therefore, if any adverse situation has been cropped up and the responsible parent has observed that the police officers are acting rudely with Millie. It can be assumed that the reason behind such attitude is that Millie is from the aboriginal origin. According to the Act, the police should act with the intention to secure the rights of the child (Ludbrook, 2017). However, such attitude has violated the principles of Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW). If the responsible parents to this effect have identified any such things, he should have asked the police to stop the interrogation process. Further, the police officer could not in any case forced the responsible parent to make the child understand about the facts of the case or to make the minor confess the guilt. Further, if the police officer forced Millie to confess the crime, responsible parent is obliged to oppose this matter proactively. It has been observed that Millie was remained silent in the interrogation room and it is her right to do so. Therefore, no police personnel are allowed to force Millie regarding the same. The responsible person will allow the police to continue the interrogation process only if the police have maintained all the rules mentioned under Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW). Legislative option available to police: Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW) is the main regulatory Act that works for the interest of the children. Children are vulnerable in nature and they feel lonely and nervous before the police authority. It is the duty of the police officers to provide all the legal assistance to the child and act for the benefit of the child so that he or she could not feel uncomfortable during the interrogation period. The police officers are obliged to maintain all the provisions mentioned under section 13 of the Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW). The police officers will interrogate the child or the minor in the presence of the responsible parent. They could not force the child to confess any particular fact (Talbot, 2017). The minor should choose the responsible parent and police should have no rights over the same. The police will provide all the fundamental rights to the minor. In case the minor wants to remain silent, it is the duty of the police officers to cooperate wi th the child and they must not force or use coercive way in order to collect statement from the child. Blagg and Wilkie opine that the police can use other way to make the minor confess about a fact. Dealing with the minors is very sensible issue and therefore, police personnel should have to be cautious in this case (Dowse et al., 2016). It has been observed in the case of R v Cotton that it is the duty of the police officer to take necessary care to secure the minor from the self-incrimination. Certain observation has been made regarding the role of responsible parent in the case of R v Warren [1982] 2 NSWLR 360. It has been held that the minor becomes nervous while dealing with the police and therefore, the interrogation process should be done in the presence of any responsible parent. According to CJ Hunt, sufficient assistance should be given to the child and the same principle has been established in the case of R v Huynh [2001] NSWSC 115. According to Part 10A of Crimes Act, the police officer has the duty to act in practicable way and the child should not face any discrimination at the interrogation room. According to section 138 of the Evidence Act, no statement could be held as acceptable if the same has been obtained in an inappropriate manner. It has been mentioned under Part 10A of the Crimes Act that during the interrogation period, no police officer can state a minor that he is under arrest (Surette, 2015). This goes against the policies of the Crimes Act and in this case, the police officer is obliged to maintain all the necessary duties for protecting the minor from self-incrimination. This principle has been established in B. R v ME and LT Unreported, Supreme Court, 3 October 2002. However, in the case of Millie none of the provisions has been followed. The police officers had appointed a responsible guardian and had conducted the interrogation process before him. However, none of the officials has maintained the provisions mentioned in the Act (Graver, 2016). It has been noticed in the case that Millie wanted to remain silent, but in spite of providing her assistance, the police officers were forced her to confess the statement. Therefore, it can be said that in this case the police has failed to maintain their duties and obligation under the Act. Ethical issues: Interrogate a minor is a sensible issue and the minors are required to be treated specially. According to Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW), when a child or minor is interrogated by the police, this should be done in front of the responsible parent. The role of the responsible parent is very crucial and certain ethical issues are bringing into his notice during the interrogation process (Heydon Naylor, 2017). Ethical issue denotes the situation where an individual is required to select an alternative between the right thing and the wrong thing. In the present situation, it has been observed that the police had failed to comply with the process that has been mentioned under certain legislations. Therefore, certain ethical issues have been cropped up in this case. The responsible person should choose the right things and should act on behalf of the minor. Therefore, if the police act in unreasonable way to the minor, he should have to protest it. He has the power to stop t he interrogation process in case of any adverse situation. He can oppose to the situation before the court also. He has to maintain all his duties as he holds an important place. the aim of the Act could not be reached until the responsible parent does his own duty. He could not make any kind of force to the minor and should have to stop the police if they are perform their duties in coercive way. It is the moral duties of the responsible parent to act in good faith and he should have to choose the right path at all the possible time and even in case of dealing with the minor. Reference: Ainsworth, F., Hansen, P. (2017). A Study of the use of Section 106a of the Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 in the New SouthWales Children's Court.Children Australia,42(3), 198-204. R v ME and LT Unreported, Supreme Court, 3 October 2002 Bartels, L., Bolitho, J., Richards, K. (2015). Indigenous young people and the NSW children's court: Magistrates' perceptions of the court's criminal jurisdiction.AILR,19, 34. Dowse, L., Soldatic, K., Spangaro, J., Toorn, G. (2016). Mind the gap: the extent of violence against women with disabilities in Australia.Australian Journal of Social Issues,51(3), 341-359. Graver, H. P. (2016). Judging without Impunity: On the Criminal Responsibility of Authoritarian Judges.Bergen Journal of Criminal Law Criminal Justice,4(1), 125-149. Heydon, G., Naylor, B. (2017). Criminal record checking and employment: The importance of policy and proximity.Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 0004865817723410. Kenny, D. T. (2016). The adolescent brain: implications for understanding young offenders.Judicial Officers Bulletin,28(3), 23. King, K., Wallis, R., Wallis, A., Peucker, A., Williams, D. (2015). Successful protection against canid predation on little penguins (Eudyptula minor) in Australia using Maremma guardian dogs:the Warrambool method..International Journal of Arts Sciences,8, 139-150. Ludbrook, S. (2017). The Influence of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer on the Bersier Liturgyand French Protestant Worship.Revue Franaise de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies,22(XXII-1). McFarlane, K. (2017). Care-criminalisation: The involvement of children in out-of-home care in the New South Wales criminal justice system.Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 0004865817723954. McGrath, A. (2016). Intersections of Indigenous status, sex and age in sentencing decisions in the New South Wales Childrens Court.Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology,49(1), 90-112. R v Cotton (1990) 19 NSWLR 593 R v Huynh [2001] NSWSC 115 R v Warren [1982] 2 NSWLR 360 Surette, R. (2015). Performance crime and justice.Current Issues Crim. Just.,27, 195. Talbot, A. (2017). The use of secret evidence in civil and criminal proceedings.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (142), 30.

Psychosocial Development Erikson, (1902-194), Concluded That A Humans

Psychosocial Development Erikson, (1902-194), concluded that a humans development is determined genetically and that in order to move through each stage of development than they must be biologically, socially and psychologically ready. Erikson believed that the child's genes resembled a timetable and it is this genetic timetable that determines the child's stages of development. ?Erikson extended this principle to social and psychological growth; it is human nature to pass through a predetermined sequence of psychosocial stages which are genetically determined'. Gross, (R), The Science of Mind and Behaviour. (1996) The Psychosocial Stages Erikson concluded that every personality has a certain amount of trust and mistrust that is essential to development through the stages. Erikson did however suggest that although the time to develop trust is in infancy he did suggest that under develop trust could be further develop in later life however it would be harder to do. Basic Trust Versus Mistrust (0-1): - This stage is essential to the child's development of trust toward not just it's parents particularly the mother, but how it trusts the rest of the world. If a child is well loved i.e. affection, cuddles etc. then it will develop an adequate of trust for the world, however should the child receive inadequate care then it will grow to mistrust. Trust enables the child to experience situations without fear whereas mistrust causes the child to fear, behaving with suspicion possibly even withdrawal. Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt (1-3): - A this stage the child becomes mobile, curious and generally more independent. The ability to be able to see itself as it's own person separate from it's parents is known as, ?Autonomy'. It is at this point that all the parents should still ensure the child's well being they should still maintain a caring attitude and safe environment. At this stage if the child is put down or lead to believe it is a failure on a continual basis then the child may develop a feeling of shame and doubt in it's abilities and it's environment. Allowing the child to do things for itself and learning by its mistakes gives the child confidence and an increased self-esteem. Doing things for the child all the time and telling the child they are wrong will have the reverse effect. It is at this stage that if a child is not praised and allowed to do things for itself that insecurity appears i.e. in the form of attention seeking. Initiative Versus Guilt (3-5/6): -The child is discovering and developing new abilities and because of this the child's desire for knowledge is also increasing. The child should be encouraged to ask questions and adequate answers should be given. Play is also a crucial part in the child's mental and physical development. If the parent try's to stop this question asking or play the child will develop a feeling of guilt about it's desire to learn. Industry Versus Inferiority (7-12): - At this stage other adults othe r than parents begin to have significance in the child's development. The child becomes interested in the way things work, and are carried out. Relationships with other children should also be encouraged, as children need to compare themselves with others in order to develop their own identity. Failing to offer the child the right resources, amenities, guidance and encouragement will result in the child feeling inferior. Self Concept ?In the social jungle of human existence, there is no feeling of being alive without a sense of ego identity', Erik Erikson, (1963), Moonie, N, (1995). Self-concept is an individual's perception of their personality. Along with the self-concept is Self-awareness; this is how an individual imagines how others see them. The Self-concept can be divided into three interlocking components, Self-image, Self-esteem and the Ideal-self. Self Image: - This refers to the way we describe ourselves physically, mentally and emotionally, be it good or bad. Kuhn & McPo rtland (1954) Gross p.519 Suggest that the self image maybe broken into three categories, ?Social Roles', the aspects of our self-image that are objective i.e., student, employee, partner. Others can confirm these aspects they are definite aspects ?Personality Traits': - these aspects of our self-image that we perceive of ourselves may be

Free Essays on Dukkhah - Suffering

Even though Buddhism never developed a missionary movement, the Buddha’s teachings spread all over the India subcontinent. After it had put its mark on the India subcontinent it moved from there to Asia. As with any culture, different people have different ways of reacting and thinking about things. So, with each new culture Buddhism touched, the methods and teachings were changed and made to fit the local morals, norms and values. It did this though without compromising the essential points of wisdom and compassion. Buddhism, however, never developed an overall hierarchy of religious authority with a supreme head. Each country that it spread to made its own structure. There are two major divisions of Buddhism. The Hinayana, or Modest Vehicle, emphasizes personal liberation, while the Mahayana, or the Greater Vehicle toward salvation than the more narrowly conceived Theravada, stresses working to become a fully enlightened Buddha in order to be best able to help others(Sm art, p.126). Each has many sub-divisions. At present, however, three major forms survive: one Hinayana, known as Theravada, in South East Asia, and two Mahayana, namely the Chinese and Tibetan traditions. From its origins in India to its expansion east through China and eventually into Korea and Japan, Buddhism has undergone many changes (Smart, p.59). These changes are usually evidenced in its iconography, and somewhat in popular practice, but the essential tenets remain unchanged. One of these unchanged beliefs is â€Å"Dukkha† or the reality of suffering (9). The kinds and origins of dukkha are as varied as the regional practices of Buddhism itself, ranging from the ancient and very symbolic, to the modern and very practical. Dukkha is an interesting concept that states that suffering is given to anyone who is born in to this existence. Unlike other religions that state that suffering is the will of God or that you are automatically born with original sin, ... Free Essays on Dukkhah - Suffering Free Essays on Dukkhah - Suffering Even though Buddhism never developed a missionary movement, the Buddha’s teachings spread all over the India subcontinent. After it had put its mark on the India subcontinent it moved from there to Asia. As with any culture, different people have different ways of reacting and thinking about things. So, with each new culture Buddhism touched, the methods and teachings were changed and made to fit the local morals, norms and values. It did this though without compromising the essential points of wisdom and compassion. Buddhism, however, never developed an overall hierarchy of religious authority with a supreme head. Each country that it spread to made its own structure. There are two major divisions of Buddhism. The Hinayana, or Modest Vehicle, emphasizes personal liberation, while the Mahayana, or the Greater Vehicle toward salvation than the more narrowly conceived Theravada, stresses working to become a fully enlightened Buddha in order to be best able to help others(Sm art, p.126). Each has many sub-divisions. At present, however, three major forms survive: one Hinayana, known as Theravada, in South East Asia, and two Mahayana, namely the Chinese and Tibetan traditions. From its origins in India to its expansion east through China and eventually into Korea and Japan, Buddhism has undergone many changes (Smart, p.59). These changes are usually evidenced in its iconography, and somewhat in popular practice, but the essential tenets remain unchanged. One of these unchanged beliefs is â€Å"Dukkha† or the reality of suffering (9). The kinds and origins of dukkha are as varied as the regional practices of Buddhism itself, ranging from the ancient and very symbolic, to the modern and very practical. Dukkha is an interesting concept that states that suffering is given to anyone who is born in to this existence. Unlike other religions that state that suffering is the will of God or that you are automatically born with original sin, ...

Behaviour therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Behaviour therapy - Essay Example The monetary cost is calculable, however. In 2001, the estimated cost of adult depression was estimated at more than  £9 billion,  £370 million of this was a direct result of treatment costs. In 2000, more than 100 million total working days were lost in addition to 2615 deaths attributed to depression (Thomas & Morris, 2003). The Greek philosopher Epictetus probably described it best when he said, â€Å"It is not circumstances themselves that trouble people, but their judgments about those circumstances† (Seddon, 2002). Cognitive behavioural therapy in essence, seeks to alter the perceptions of circumstances. Cognitive therapy, according to Aaron T. Beck, â€Å"... is based on an underlying theoretical rationale that an individual’s affect and behaviour are largely determined by the way in which he structures the world† (Dubord, 2004: 1). At one time this was simply referred to as behaviour therapy but today is known as cognitive behaviour therapy. This discussion outlines CBT and its approach to the treatment of depression. The primary interventions preferred in the treatment of chronic clinical depression are behavioural in nature. Efforts to augment a person’s sense of self-worth and to re-connect them socially through physically exertive exercises is a widely used and effective strategy for reversing behaviour associated with depression. Because of the behavioural nature of the condition and the treatment, it is strongly recommended that those in the health care services employ the same vigilance regarding behavioural treatments as they would prescribe drugs used as treatments. When the depressive cognitions are restructured, this generally increases the disposition benefits for an individual and positively affects changes in behaviour. There are many examples of depressive cognitive statements offered by patients that doctors often hear such as, ‘I can’t do anything to improve my outlook on life,’ ‘I’m

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example In this respect, it is especially important in determining its characteristics. In addition, there is also insight it provides with regards to the consumer behavior and likely actions, which allow for the identification of problems and opportunities in marketing the product afterwards. There are at least five stages/steps by which the consumer makes his or her purchases: 1) need recognition; 2) information search; 3) evaluation of alternatives; 4) purchase; and, 5) postpurchase behavior (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel 2008, 140). Some experts add some stages in the process, such as with the model developed by Engle, Kollat and Blackswell, which divided the consumption stage into two - consumption and post-consumption - and adding a unique element in the form of divestment (Verma 2007, 178). All in all, the stages are pretty straightforward and speak for themselves. For instance, need recognition pertains to the actual desire, want or need of a consumer. This is usually the first stage in th e process, but the rest of the stages do not strictly follow the order by which they were outlined here in this paper. The stages as outlined by this paper highlight the fact that consumer purchase decisions are influenced by several factors - both external and internal influences. Personal desires, wants and needs as well as the available information and influencers are just some of these variables. They have to be understood in order to make sense of the complexity of the process. Finally, there is also the fact that consumer decision-making process does not end with the purchase of the product. For product developers, it may as well be an endless cycle that is why understanding the process is crucial in order to identify some semblance of pattern and coherence and make use of it in product development and in marketing. Theory 2: Family Roles influence on decision Making   Certainly, the motivating factors behind each consumer's purchase behavior are unique and different. Howeve r, the role of the family as a single most important variable in the decision-making process for all consumers is the same for most consumers in most purchase decisions. This powerful influence, according to Blythe (2006) is due to three reasons: 1. the parental influence in the case of the children is deeply embedded because it started the earliest and therefore impact the children's perception of everything that follows; 2. the parental desire to do what is best for the children and the family; and, 3. the influence of siblings as role models, particularly when the sibling is older or in some cases the carer or the adviser (138). The above reasons were just the fundamental ones especially when considering the fact that in some families, membership is not confined to the parents and their offspring. Rather, there are also the extended family such as aunts, uncles, cousins and grandparents. Finally, it must be underscored that within the family or within household, a relationship ex ists, wherein each member has a role and participates in every decision-making process. This relationship, role and participation are underpinned by other issues such as gender and other variables that characterize the interpersonal relations within. Collectively, they can define who

Mary Shellys Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Mary Shellys Frankenstein Essay In Chapter 5, Frankenstein brings the monster to life. Shelly uses a typical gothic method of mimicking Frankensteins disgust for the creature with weather, the dreary night of November. Frankenstein is appalled at his creation despite that the monsters limbs were in proportion and he had selected his features as beautiful. Frankenstein then describes the creature in such a way that the reader learns that although Frankenstein attempted to create beauty but is faced with the disgusting looks of the creature. his hair was of lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips. Shelly uses an ironic contrast of life and death in describing the monster, using elements like yellow skin which is relevant to a new born baby with jaundice and straight black lips, which is relevant to a dead body. She also uses descriptions like shrivelled complexion which is relevant to both a baby and a corpse. The creature also reacts to life as a new born baby does. It breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. This contrast is effective in showing the reader the irony in the fact that new life is given to parts of the dead. Shelly effectively describes the creature with enough detail to allow the reader to interpret the creatures appearance individually and also empathise with Frankenstein. Frankenstein has been disillusioned whilst creating the monster, but when it becomes alive, he is faced with its ugliness and abandons him. This is not an example of unconditional love and links in with Elizabeths arrival into the Frankenstein family. Oh! No mortal could support the horror of that countenance. A mummy again endued with animation could not be more hideous as that wretch. The memory of the shock of the monsters looks is very powerful to Frankenstein and Shelly portrays this by using words like Oh! when Frankenstein is telling Walton his story. Frankenstein has a dream after creating his monster in which, as he kisses Elizabeth, she turns into the corpse of his dead mother. I embraced her, but as I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death. I thought I held the corpse of my dead mother. This dream shows that Frankenstein has subconscious fears of harm coming to his family, which does actually happen later on in the novel. The dream is an effective example of foreshadowing, another typical gothic technique effectively used by Shelly. The reader could also interpret that the dream foreshadows Frankensteins fears of creating the monster a wife. It presents the idea that although Frankenstein first thinks that building a companion for the monster will keep his family safe, the consequences could be much worse if he does as it is possible that the creatures will breed. The monster is not reunited with its creator until several months later, where he tells Frankenstein of the hardships of life he has endured as an abandoned and disfigured child. Father and son meet in the mountains; this location could be interpreted as an effort by Shelley to use the mountains symbolically, showing Frankensteins guilt for abandoning his child or as the towering glaciers threatening Frankenstein; telling him that nature is not to be toyed with by man. The creature learns that humans should have families by reading a book that he finds whilst living near the French family he grows to love. He meets a blind man from the family who treats him with kindness, but when the rest of the family see him, they drive him from their cottage with stones. This teaches the monster that people hate him for his ugliness and therefore develops a hatred for his creator for making him so ugly. Upon meeting Frankenstein, the creature makes a direct relationship between the bad parenting and upbringing he endures with his own desire to harm others when he claims misery made me a fiend. Shelley uses this line as a blatant point that bad parenting will result in evil.